What's New in Swift 4 ?

func shareEm(control: UIControl & Shakeable) {
    control.share()
}

protocol Shakeable {
    func share()
}

extension Shakeable {
    func share() {
        print("starting share!")
    }
}

extension UIButton: Shakeable { }

extension UISlider: Shakeable { }

\[Type Name].[Property Name]

struct SomeStructure {
    var someProperty: Int
}

func smartKeyPath() {

    let s = SomeStructure(someProperty: 12)
    let keyPath = \SomeStructure.someProperty
       
    let value = s[keyPath: keyPath]
    print(value)
    // value is 12
}

\.[Property Name]

@objcMembers class SomeClass: NSObject {
    dynamic var someProperty: Int
    init(someProperty: Int) {
        self.someProperty = someProperty
    }
}

var observe: NSKeyValueObservation?
let c = SomeClass(someProperty: 10)
    
func smarkKVO() {
   observe = c.observe(\.someProperty) { object, change in
       // ...
       print(object.someProperty, change)
   }
   c.someProperty = 10
}

{
     "name": "Banana",
     "points": 200,
     "description": "A banana grown in Ecuador.",
     "varieties": [
         "yellow",
         "green",
         "brown"
      ]
}

struct GroceryProduct: Codable {
    let name: String
    let points: Int
    let description: String
    let varieties: [String]
}

let json = """
    {
         "name": "Banana",
         "points": 200,
         "description": "A banana grown in Ecuador.",
         "varieties": [
             "yellow",
             "green",
             "brown"
          ]
    }
""".data(using: .utf8)!
 
let decoder = JSONDecoder()
let banana = try! decoder.decode(GroceryProduct.self, from: json)
 
print("\(banana.name) (\(banana.points) points): \(banana.description)")
// Prints "Banana (200 points): A banana grown in Ecuador.

struct University: Codable {
    enum Level: String, Codable {
        case one, two, three
    }
    
    var name: String
    var founds: Int
    var type: Level
}


func codableTest (_ obj: University) {
   let encoder = JSONEncoder()
   let decoder = JSONDecoder()
   guard let data = try? encoder.encode(obj) else { return }
   guard let jsonData = try? decoder.decode(University.self, from: data) else { return }
   print("jsonData:", jsonData)
}

var family = "👩"
family += "\u{200D}👩"
family += "\u{200D}👧"
family += "\u{200D}👧"
   
print("\(family):\(family.count)")
// result --> 👩‍👩‍👧‍👧:1

extension String.CharacterView : RangeReplaceableCollection {···}

for character in "Dog!🐶".characters {
    print(character)
}
// D
// o
// g
// !
// 🐶

for character in "Dog!🐶" {
    print(character)
}
// D
// o
// g
// !
// 🐶

let label = UILabel()
let superStr = "tingxins"
let subStr = superStr.prefix(4)
label.text = String(subStr)
print(subStr)

let quotation = """
The White Rabbit put on his spectacles.  
"Where shall I begin, please your Majesty?" he asked.
 
"Begin at the beginning," the King said gravely, "and go on
till you come to the end; then stop."
"""

let threeDoubleQuotes = """
Escaping the first quote \"""
Escaping all three quotes \"\"\"
"""

let names = ["Anna", "Alex", "Brian", "Jack"]

for name in names[2...] {
    print(name)
}
// Brian
// Jack

for name in names[...2] {
    print(name)
}
// Anna
// Alex
// Brian

for name in names[..<2] {
    print(name)
}
// Anna
// Alex

let range = ...5
range.contains(7)   // false
range.contains(4)   // true
range.contains(-1)  // true”

extension Sequence where Iterator.Element: Equatable {
    func containsOnly(_ value: Iterator.Element) -> Bool {
        return contains { (element) -> Bool in
            return element == value
        }
    }
}

extension Sequence where Element: Equatable {
    func containsOnly(_ value: Element) -> Bool {
        return contains { (element) -> Bool in
            return element == value
        }
    }
}

protocol Container {
    associatedtype Item
    mutating func append(_ item: Item)
    var count: Int { get }
    subscript(i: Int) -> Item { get }
    
    associatedtype Iterator: IteratorProtocol where Iterator.Element == Item
    func makeIterator() -> Iterator
}

extension Container {
    subscript<Indices: Sequence>(indices: Indices) -> [Item]
        where Indices.Iterator.Element == Int {
            var result = [Item]()
            for index in indices {
                result.append(self[index])
            }
            return result
    }
} 

let n = NSNumber(value: UInt32(543))
let v = n as? Int8
// v is 31

let university0 = University(name: "Qsting", founds: 1870, type: .one)
let university1 = University(name: "tingxins", founds: 1870, type: .one)
var mutableCollection = [university0, university1]

print(mutableCollection)   
mutableCollection.swapAt(0, 1) //交换数组中0、1元素的位置
print(mutableCollection)